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Predator 2 torrent
By default, the Exosuit featured in Aliens versus Predator: Extinction comes equipped with twin M103 Torrent Cannons with one attached to each arm. These rotary cannons are linked and work together to saturate a broad firing arc with projectiles. When a torrent cannon attacks, it initially fires at a moderate rate and covers a small arc, but "spins up" until it absolutely blankets a large arc with its firepower. Those enemies not amply protected often lose their full freedom of movement as they struggle to survive the onslaught.
The Exosuit's upgrade replaces the mechanical torrent cannon with an electronically triggered projectile array known affectionately as the "bullet box" - a grid of railguns that come pre-filled with rounds (possibly a superposed load system). These railguns can fire simultaneously, and with sufficient frequency to launch multiple projectiles before their predecessors have even left the barrel. The result is a weapon that fires nearly 1,000 rounds a second (rps), a volume of ordinance sufficient to liquefy (or vaporize) most targets within seconds.
ABSTRACT--The basic ecology of torrent salamanders, family Rhyacotritonidae, is poorly known. This information lack is acute for the Columbia Torrent Salamander, Rhyacotriton kezeri, a species that is of conservation concern throughout its range. There have been no studies of its diet, which may be a significant barrier to its conservation and management. We studied the diet of both larval and post-metamorphic Columbia Torrent Salamanders in the Willapa Hills, Washington. A wide range of aquatic and terrestrial prey was documented, supporting both aquatic and terrestrial prey bases for this highly aquatic salamander. Copepoda and Diptera were particularly common in the diet of larvae, whereas Arachnida, Diptera, Collembola, and Coleoptera were more common in the diet of post-metamorphs. Our results for post-metamorphs were generally consistent with the diet of a post-metamorphic congener, R. variegatus, but demonstrate several new prey items for the family and some differences in frequencies of prey consumed.
The basic life history of torrent salamanders (4 species within the monogeneric family Rhyacotritonidae) is poorly known. These animals are distributed from the Olympic Peninsula and Cascade Range of Washington to the northern Coast Range of California (Good and Wake 1992), but their reproduction and predator-prey interactions remain largely undescribed. The Columbia Torrent Salamander, Rhyacotriton kezeri, has a small geographic range in northwestern Oregon and southwestern Washington. Like other members of its family, this species reproduces in small headwater streams and seeps in montane forested landscapes, and is rarely found far from these aquatic habitats (Russell and others 2004; Olson and Weaver 2007). Only 5 Columbia Torrent Salamander oviposition sites have been found (Nussbaum 1969; Russell and others 2002), and mating and courtship have never been documented (Hayes and Quinn 2005). Their prey are nearly undescribed. One published anecdote reported 3 larval hymenopteran prey from 2 Columbia Torrent Salamander larvae (Hicks and others 2008), and a field guide summarized apparently unpublished data on diet of larval and adult Rhyacotriton before the 4 currently recognized species were split (Nussbaum and others 1983). Furthermore, few studies have addressed diet of any species of torrent salamander, and no study has examined the diet of torrent salamander larvae (Bury and Martin 1967; Bury 1970). Here, we report on the prey of Columbia Torrent Salamanders from the Willapa Hills, Washington. Our findings support the functional role that these animals of conservation concern have in linking aquatic and terrestrial systems in forested headwater basins.
The Mayan calendar is said to run out of future on Dec.?21, 2012. Yet, it offers no hints or premonitions about mass extinctions; winds, torrents and drought to the extreme; global warming; rampant pollution; invasive species; ocean, soil, freshwater and forest depletion; blue-green algae; or Asian carps.
Since that initial reporting from The New York Times our airwaves and newsfeeds have been full of discussions of harassment and the more general treatment of women in the workplace. The story has unleashed a torrent of coverage and indeed, other executives have been ousted for their behavior toward women following the revelations of the Weinstein saga.
We studied the glass frog Hyalinobatrachiumorientale which has distinct populations in northern Venezuela andnortheast Tobago: this distribution is a bit of a puzzle. Northeast Tobago isquite distant from Venezuela and between these two locations is the largeisland of Trinidad, which has abundant forests, but no glass frogs. Walkingalong the forest streams of Tobago at night, once the rainy season (June toDecember) has started, you soon hear the high-pitched peeping of male glassfrogs, located on the huge leaves of Heliconia bihai that overhang thewater. With the aid of a good torch, you can locate the calling frogs; often,near them, you can spot the little patches of eggs. If you are lucky, you maylocate a mating pair. We observed the behaviour of a mating pair. It took themabout four hours to complete their clutch of around 30 eggs, laid as a spiralpattern, starting at the centre, with the pair turning as they proceeded. Onceegg-laying was complete, the female departed, but the male stayed close to theclutch. Often, when searching for egg clutches, we found the father sitting ontop of his eggs. We also found that some fathers, presumably good qualitymales, were looking after more than one egg clutch at a time. These are atdifferent stages of development, so clearly produced on different nights. It isnot entirely clear what functions male egg attendance performs, particularly giventhat it is not constant. However, observers have seen males driving away eggpredators such as wasps and ants; it is also likely that males keep the eggshydrated by reducing evaporation, simply by sitting on them, or by emptyingtheir bladders over the eggs (this is established in some cases of frogparental care). But this raises another mystery. If paternal care is helpful toincubation success in the Hyalinobatrachinae, why does it not occur in otherglass frogs, especially when they lay their eggs on leaf upper surfaces, whereyou would guess that desiccation and predation would be higher risks.
In the Tobago glass frog, hatching occursaround nine days after laying, although the actual time is variable, allowingtadpoles to be earlier or later stages of development when entering the water.Such variability may be quite common in frog development and represents atrade-off. Early hatchers are less well developed and more vulnerable when theyenter the water; but it may be better to risk this than to be predated whilestill in the nest. It therefore pays the developing larvae to monitorconditions: if the father has deserted his clutch, or hot sun and no rain arerisking desiccation, better to hatch early and hope for a stream with fewpredators.
The streams where glass frog tadpoles arefound are fast-flowing when it rains, and are heavily populated with predatoryfish and crustaceans. They are also shaded, making plant productivity low. As aconsequence, glass frog tadpoles spend much of their time hidden under rocks,reducing the risks of predation and of being swept away by currents (unlike thetadpoles of some species that inhabit fast streams, glass frog tadpoles lackthe kind of suctorial mouthparts that can help cling on to rocks). The tadpoleshave long muscular tails, indicating an ability to move rapidly, and arerelatively unpigmented, associated with a concealed lifestyle. Their behaviourlimits foraging opportunities, so growth is slow. Glass frog tadpoles can takea year to reach metamorphosis, very slow by tropical frog standards, where manyspecies reach that stage in a few weeks. We have been able to locatemetamorphosing glass frogs near the edges of streams. They climb up on to theupper surfaces of leaves close to the ground, and take about four days tocomplete the process, reducing their tail to a stump. To our surprise, we foundthat they do not remain in one place through this process, but occasionallymove around, possibly to confuse potential predators.
The transparency of glass frogs has longpuzzled biologists. Recently, a research team from Bristol, Canada and Ecuadorhas tested an explanation. Their evidence suggests that it is not so muchtransparency that matters, but translucence. When a glass frog is at rest withits limbs tucked in, the translucence of the limbs blurs the edges of the body,and makes detection by predators more difficult.
The Bornean rock frog (Stauroisparvus) from Borneo and the small torrent frog (Micrixalus saxicola) from the Western Ghats of India belong todifferent frog families (Figure 2). Males of both species use complexsignalling involving high pitched calls, foot flagging, and tapping (footlifting) to defend perching sites against other males (Preininger et al. 2013). The Bornean rock frog hasconspicuous white feet, whereas the small torrent frog has feet which are thesame colour as its body. In a study to examine the differences in the behaviourof the two species, Preininger et al.(2013) found that in the Bornean rock frog, foot-flagging achieved a 13 timeshigher contrast against their visual background than the feet of the small torrentfrog. In addition, the Bornean rock frog primarily responded to stimuli with footflagging, whereas the small torrent frog responded mainly with calls but neverfoot-flagging on its own (Preininger etal. 2013). The authors propose that in the small torrent frog foot-flaggingis in a transient state, evolving from its current use in physical fightingbehaviour. 2ff7e9595c
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